Today, we talk about auditing plant, property, and equipment (or capital assets if you work with governments).
Plant, property, and equipment is often the largest item on a balance sheet. But the risk is often low to moderate. After all, it’s difficult to steal land or a building. And the accounting is usually not difficult. So the dollar amount can be high but the risk low.
In this post, we’ll answer questions such as, “how should we test additions and retirements of property?” and “what should we do in regard to fair value impairments?”
Auditing Plant, Property, and Equipment — An Overview
I will—at times in this article—refer to plant, property, and equipment as property. Governments use the term capital assets to refer to plant, property and equipment, but again, I will, for the most part, use the term property in this article.
Property is purchased for use in a business. For example, a corporate office might be bought or constructed. The building is an asset that is depreciated over its economic life. As depreciation is recorded, the book value (cost less accumulated depreciation) of the building decreases as depreciation is recognized. In other words, you expense the building as it is used.
In most reporting frameworks, including GAAP, assets are recorded at cost. Appreciation in market value is not recorded, but significant decreases, known as impairments, are booked. Property improvements (e.g., adding a new room to an existing building) are capitalized and depreciated. Repairs (e.g., painting a room) that don’t extend the life of an asset are expensed.
Also, most businesses elect to use a capitalization threshold such as $5,000. For these entities, amounts paid below the threshold are not capitalized, even if they extend the life of the asset. The amounts below the threshold are expensed as incurred.
So, how do most entities track property purchases and compute the related depreciation? They use depreciation software. Then when property is purchased, it is added to the depreciation software and an economic life (e.g., ten years) is assigned.
Below we will cover the following:
- Primary property assertions
- Property walkthroughs
- Directional risk for property
- Primary risks for property
- Common property control deficiencies
- Risk of material misstatement for property
- Substantive procedures for property
- Common property work papers
Primary Property Assertions
The primary relevant property assertions are:
- Existence and occurrence
- Completeness
- Valuation
- Classification
Of these assertions, I believe—in general—existence, occurrence, and classification are most important. So, the client is asserting that property exists, that depreciation expense is appropriate, and that amounts paid for property are capitalized (and not expensed).
Property Walkthroughs
As we perform walkthroughs of property, we are looking for ways that property might be overstated (though understatements can occur as well).
As we perform the property walkthrough, we ask, “what can go wrong, whether intentionally or by mistake?”
In performing the walkthrough, ask questions such as:
- Are property ledgers reconciled to the general ledger?
- Does the entity use reasonable and consistent depreciation methods?
- Are the depreciation methods in accordance with the reporting framework (e.g., straight line for GAAP or accelerated for tax basis)
- Who records depreciation?
- Are the economic lives assigned to property appropriate?
- What controls ensure that property is recorded in the right period?
- What controls ensure that capital leases are capitalized as property (if applicable, see GAAP lease standards)?
- Is there appropriate segregation of duties between persons that purchase, record, reconcile, and physically possess property?
- What software is used to compute depreciation?
- Does the company perform periodic physical inventories of property?
- Are assets removed from the depreciation schedule upon sale?
- What controls ensure that property purchases are added to the depreciation schedule (and not expensed as repairs and maintenance)?
- What controls ensure that repair expenses are not capitalized as property?
- What is the capitalization threshold (e.g., $5,000)?
As we ask questions, we also inspect documents (e.g., depreciation reports) and make observations (e.g., who has access to moveable property?).
If control weaknesses exist, we create audit procedures to respond to them. For example, if—during the walkthrough—we see that one person purchases property, has physical access to equipment, and performs the related accounting, then we will perform theft-related substantive procedures.
Directional Risk for Property
The directional risk for property is overstatement. So, in performing your audit procedures, perform procedures to ensure that property is not overstated. For example, vouch all significant property additions to invoices. See if the amounts added are equal to or greater than the capitalization threshold (e.g., $5,000).
Primary Risks for Property
The primary risks for property are:
- Property is intentionally overstated
- Repair expenses (or any other expenses) are improperly capitalized as property
- Purchases that should be recorded as property are expensed
- Depreciation is improperly computed and recorded (e.g., accelerated depreciation is used when straight-line is more appropriate)
- Moveable property (e.g., equipment) is stolen
Common Property Control Deficiencies
In smaller entities, it is common to have the following control deficiencies:
- One person performs more than one of the following:
- Authorizes the purchase of property
- Enters the property in the general ledger and depreciation schedule
- Has physical custody of the property
- Has responsibility for reconciling the depreciation schedule to the general ledger
- The person computing depreciation doesn’t have sufficient knowledge to do so
- A second person does not review the depreciation methods for appropriateness and economic lives assigned to each property
- No one performs surprise audits of property
- No one performs physical inventories of property
- There are no controls over the disposal of property
- Appropriate bidding procedures are not used
- No one reconciles the depreciation schedule to the general ledger
- Property is not reviewed for potential impairments of value
(See my article providing you with ways to prevent the theft of capital assets.)
Risk of Material Misstatement for Property
In smaller engagements, I usually assess control risk at high for each assertion. If control risk is assessed at less than high, then controls must be tested to support the lower risk assessment. Assessing risks at high is usually more efficient than testing controls.
When control risk is assessed at high, inherent risk becomes the driver of the risk of material misstatement (controls risk X inherent risk = risk of material misstatement). The assertions that concern me the most are existence (for additions to property), occurrence (for depreciation), and classification (of property). With regard to classification, the business determines whether the amount should be capitalized or expensed. So my RMM for these assertions is usually moderate to high.
My response to higher risk assessments is to perform certain substantive procedures: namely, the vouching of additions to property. As RMM increases I lower the dollar threshold for vouching property additions.
If controls related to bids are weak, your RMM for existence can be high. Bid rigging or kickbacks—fraudulent vendor actions—can result in overstatements of asset additions.
Substantive Procedures for Property
My customary audit tests are as follows:
1. Vouch property additions to related invoices
2. Agree opening property balances in the depreciation schedule to the prior year ending balances
3. Review economic lives assigned to new property for appropriateness
4. Review the selected depreciation method in light of the property’s life
5. Compute a ratio of depreciation to property and compare the result with prior periods
6. Review new lease agreements to determine if they should be capitalized
7. Inquire about potential decreases in the value of property and request valuations if necessary
Common Property Work Papers
My property work papers normally include the following:
- An understanding of property-related internal controls
- Risk assessment of property at the assertion level
- Documentation of control deficiencies related to property
- Property audit program
- A copy of the depreciation schedule that agrees to the general ledger
- A summary of additions and retirements of property in the current audit period
- Bid documents for significant construction projects or other property purchases
- A valuation of a significant asset by a valuation specialist, if merited (potential impairment)
In Summary
In this article, we looked at how to perform property risk assessment procedures, the relevant property assertions, the property risk assessments, and substantive property procedures.
Next it’s time to turn our attention to the audit of investments.
